Cognitive value and social value in science

The role of science in society is changing recently, and scientists are expected to engage in social problems. Therefore, the social responsibility of scientist needs to be revised. Philosophers of science deal with problems concerning science and value, and cognitive value and social value should be distinguished. Cognitive value in science is discussed by Kuhn and Laudan. Considering STS scholar’s arguments about post-normal science by Ravetz and the third wave of science studies by Collins, different types of science must be distinguished. In the case of science policy-decision making, non-experts participate in the process. But since science is based on tacit knowledge, the role of layman is limited.