Graph drawing by force‐directed placement

Thomas M. J. Fruchterman; Edward M. Reingold · Software Practice and Experience · 1991

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Author / responsible party

Thomas M. J. Fruchterman; Edward M. Reingold

Publisher

Software Practice and Experience

Year

1991

Language

English

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Abstract We present a modification of the spring‐embedder model of Eades [Congressus Numerantium, 42, 149–160, (1984)] for drawing undirected graphs with straight edges. Our heuristic strives for uniform edge lengths, and we develop it in analogy to forces in natural systems, for a simple, elegant, conceptually‐intuitive, and efficient algorithm.

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APA 7

Fruchterman, T. M. J. & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by force‐directed placement. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102

MLA

Fruchterman, Thomas M. J, and Edward M. Reingold. "Graph drawing by force‐directed placement." 1991. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102.

Chicago

Fruchterman, Thomas M. J. and Edward M. Reingold. 1991. "Graph drawing by force‐directed placement.". https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102.

Harvard

Fruchterman, T. M. J. and Reingold, E. M. 1991, Graph drawing by force‐directed placement, Software Practice and Experience, available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2026].

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Resource details

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Title: Graph drawing by force‐directed placement

Author / contributors: Thomas M. J. Fruchterman; Edward M. Reingold

Publisher: Software Practice and Experience

Publication year: 1991

Language: English

Subjects

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Analogy; Undirected graph; Heuristic; Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution; Simple (philosophy); Computer science; Theoretical computer science; Graph drawing; Graph; Algorithm; Directed graph; Mathematics