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Communication in the Presence of Noise

Claude E. Shannon · Proceedings of the IRE · 1949

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Author / responsible party
Claude E. Shannon
Publisher
Proceedings of the IRE
Year
1949
Language
English

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A method is developed for representing any communication system geometrically. Messages and the corresponding signals are points in two "function spaces," and the modulation process is a mapping of one space into the other. Using this representation, a number of results in communication theory are deduced concerning expansion and compression of bandwidth and the threshold effect. Formulas are found for the maxmum rate of transmission of binary digits over a system when the signal is perturbed by various types of noise. Some of the properties of "ideal" systems which transmit at this maxmum rate are discussed. The equivalent number of binary digits per second for certain information sources is calculated.

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APA 7

Shannon, C. E. (1949). Communication in the Presence of Noise. https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1949.232969

MLA

Shannon, Claude E. "Communication in the Presence of Noise." 1949. https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1949.232969.

Chicago

Shannon, Claude E. 1949. "Communication in the Presence of Noise.". https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1949.232969.

Harvard

Shannon, C. E. 1949, Communication in the Presence of Noise, Proceedings of the IRE, available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1949.232969 [Accessed 9 Aug. 2026].

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Title
Communication in the Presence of Noise
Author / contributors
Claude E. Shannon
Publisher
Proceedings of the IRE
Publication year
1949
Language
English

Subjects

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Binary number; Bandwidth (computing); Communications system; Transmission (telecommunications); Communication theory; Noise (video); Computer science; Ideal (ethics); Mathematics; Modulation (music); Representation (politics); Telecommunications
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