News Help Institutional access
Back to results
Bibliographic record · Consultation and access
Artículo

Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation

Martin A. Nowak · Science · 2006

Resource page
Quick overview. Review the resource’s basic details, then access the content using the main button. This page shows only the information needed to identify, cite, and open the work.
Author / responsible party
Martin A. Nowak
Publisher
Science
Year
2006
Language
English

Resource access

Open the content from the main option or choose another available source.

OpenAlex OpenAlex Works
Entrar por OpenAlex
Main access

Resource page

Resource reference page. Full text availability has not been automatically confirmed.
Open resource

Summary

Descripción general del contenido del recurso.

Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.

How to cite

Elegí el formato que necesitás y copiá la referencia al portapapeles.

APA 7

Nowak, M. A. (2006). Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755

MLA

Nowak, Martin A. "Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation." 2006. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755.

Chicago

Nowak, Martin A. 2006. "Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation.". https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755.

Harvard

Nowak, M. A. 2006, Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation, Science, available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755 [Accessed 8 Aug. 2026].

Share and print

Save the record, copy its permanent link, or print it as a PDF.

Export reference

You can export the record in common formats for use in a reference manager.

RIS BibTeX

Resource details

Bibliographic information to help confirm that this is the correct material.

Title
Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation
Author / contributors
Martin A. Nowak
Publisher
Science
Publication year
2006
Language
English

Subjects

Explore related resources through these subjects.

Reciprocity (cultural anthropology); Natural selection; Kin selection; Selection (genetic algorithm); Multicellular organism; Mechanism (biology); Biological evolution; Group selection; Construct (python library); Competition (biology); Biology; Evolutionary biology
Copied