PROTOCOL: Effectiveness of public‐private partnerships on educational access and quality of primary and secondary schooling in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review

Abstract This protocol serves as a guiding source for a Campbell registered systematic review aiming to assess the effectiveness of Public‐Private Partnerships (PPPs) in education in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (LMICs). The primary question for this review is: What is known about the impact of PPPs on improving access (i.e., enrolment, attendance, drop‐out, and completion) and quality (i.e., students’ learning outcomes and teachers’ teaching practices) of primary and secondary schooling in LMICs? Using a predefined search query, we will retrieve studies from various databases including Scopus, Campbell Library, EBSCO Education Research Complete, NBER, Dissertation and Theses Global (ProQuest), along with other sources of grey literature. Covidence will be used for screening and extraction. A bias assessment tool will be used for the included studies. A standardised mean difference (SMD) effect size of Hedges’ g will be calculated for the outcome variables using RevMan. This review will provide updated evidence about the impact of PPP in school education across LMICs, which will be instrumental for policy and practice level decisions for education improvement.