Phenotypic characterization and principal component analysis of morphometric traits and body indices in Sonok cattle of Madura, Indonesia

Sonok type Madura cattle are a culturally important livestock resource from Madura Island, Indonesia, selectively managed for aesthetic traits and performance in traditional cattle contests. This study aimed to phenotypically characterize Sonok cattle using multivariate analyses of morphometric traits and derived body indices, and to identify key traits relevant for selection and conservation. A total of 136 adult female Sonok cattle were sampled from Pamekasan Regency, East Java. Six morphometric traits and ten body indices were recorded using standardized anatomical landmarks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). Descriptive analysis indicated low-to-moderate variation, with mean withers height, body length and chest girth of 123.46 cm, 124.13 cm and 149.68 cm, respectively. PCA of morphometric traits extracted two components explaining 90.5% of total variance. The first component (77.8%) represented overall body size, defined by withers height, rump height, body length and chest girth, while the second component (12.7%) represented head proportions based on head length and width. PCA of body indices yielded three components explaining 87% of total variance, representing frame development, body proportionality and body balance with growth patterns. These components provide objective criteria for phenotypic selection and conservation of Sonok cattle.